Nuevos registros de Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) para la región de la Orinoquía colombiana

Abstract

We analyzed 72 specimens from the Arauca (71) and Casanare (1) departments in the Orinoco region of Colombia. The specimens belong to 10 genera and 18 species of vespid wasps. Four species are reported for the first time for the region and 14 are new records for the Arauca department. There is a likely new record of Stenodynerus cf. australis for the Neotropical region.

Keywords: Arauca, Eumeninae, Neotropic, Species list, Vespid wasps.

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Resumen

Analizamos 72 especímenes colectados de los departamentos de Arauca (71) y Casanare (1) en la región de la Orinoquía. Estos pertenecen a 10 géneros y 18 especies de avispas. Cuatro especies son nuevos registros para la región y 14 son nuevas para el departamento de Arauca. Hay también un posible nuevo registro de Stenodyneus cf. australis para la región Neotropical.

Palabras clave: Arauca, Eumeninae, Lista de especies, Neotrópico, Véspidos.

Introduction

The Polistinae and Eumeninae wasps are medium-size hymenopterans with important ecological roles in ecosystems across the world (Souza & Zanuncio, 2012). These wasps are notable predators and considered important biological controllers of insect plagues (Resende & Gimenes, 2001). In addition, many species have a foraging behavior that includes floral visiting, thus contributing as indirect pollinators of several plant species (Ross & Matthews, 1991; Sühs et al., 2009).

There are four related subfamilies with more than 4000 species in the Neotropical region: 1) Eumeninae (potter wasps, a solitary and protosocial group that is the most diverse among the Vespidae taxon); 2) Masarinae (solitary pollen wasps); 3) Polistinae (paper wasps, the most collected and abundant group due to their eusocial behavior); 4) Vespinae (hornets, social wasps) (Carpenter & Cumming, 1985; Ross & Matthews, 1991; Carpenter & Marques, 2001; Pickett & Carpenter, 2010; Bank et al., 2017). The first three subfamilies occur naturally in the Neotropical region, while species of Vespinae are considered invaders from European countries recently recorded in Chile and Argentina (Barrera Medina & Vidal Munoz, 2013; Beggs et al., 2011; Masciocchi et al., 2010; Peña et al., 1975).

In Colombia, the species richness of vespids was documented by Sarmiento (1994), accounting up to 236 species, all of them from the subfamily Polistinae. Fernández (1995) compiled the occurrence of 189 vespid wasp species and documented their geographical distribution at a broad regional spatial scale. Colomo & Berta (2005a, b) reported 36 specimens of Polistes and Synoeca found in the Miguel Lillo Collection (Argentina) from the departments of Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Chocó, and Cundinamarca. More recently, López et al. (2013), Montero et al. (2009), and Sarmiento & Saravia (1995) broadened the knowledge about the distribution of vespids in Colombia, using a smaller geographic scale in the departments of Boyacá, Nariño and Sucre.

Despite these studies of Vespidae in Colombia, there are regions with little information on this group, and one of them is the Orinoco region. Fernández (1995) documented the presence of 33 species for this region, according to records in collections located in different places in Colombia and available bibliography. In a comprehensive analysis of Colombian social wasps (subfamily Polistinae), Cubillos & Sarmiento (1998) reported 97 vespid species in 16 genera for the Orinoco region. Recently, one additional species of Montezumia from the region was reported from the Miguel Lillo Collection in Argentina (Colomo & Berta, 2005b). Fernández (1995) highlighted the need of studies about hymenopterans in several areas of Colombia, including the Orinoco region.

The Orinoco region—or Orinoquía or Llanos Orientales—occupies more than 20 % of the Colombian territory and comprises the departments of Arauca, Casanare, Guaviare, Meta and Vichada. The proximity of the Orinoquía with the Amazon and Andes ecosystems is one of the factors explaining its remarkable biodiversity (Hernández-Camacho, 1992). As a biome, the Orinoco region is considered one of the last remaining pristine landscapes of the planet, but also one of the most endangered due to the quick advance of agricultural and oil exploitation and the potential drastic land cover transformation in the near future (Decäens et al., 2001; Lasso et al., 2011). Therefore, it is important for the conservation of local ecosystems to have reliable data about its biodiversity (Arbeláez-Cortés, 2014; Agudelo Martínez & Pérez-Buitrago, 2015, 2017).

The aim of this study was to make a checklist of the vespid wasps deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Orinoco campus of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and provide information about the occurrence of these wasps in Arauca and Casanare departments, resulting in a better understanding of the distribution of Polistinae and Eumeninae family in the region.

Materials and methods

The specimens were collected in the department of Arauca and one was collected in the department of Casanare, and stored in Entomological Collection of the Orinoquía (CEO for its initials in Spanish) of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia from May 2008 to October 2017. The specimens were collected using hand nets, and Malaise and van Someren traps. The specimens that expand distribution records were photographed using a Nikon 7100 camera with a 60 mm AF-S micro Nikkor lens and Wireless Speedlight Commander SU-800. Images were merged using CombineZP software. Taxonomic identification to genus and species levels was made according to literature for Neotropical Vespidae (Richards, 1978; Carpenter, 2004; Picket & Wenzel, 2007; Silveira, 2008; Andena et al., 2009; Silveira et al., 2015; Santos Júnior et al., 2015, 2017). The species' occurrence in CEO was compared with the information reported by literature on social wasps for Colombia (e.g. López et al., 2013; Sarmiento & Saravia, 1996; Montero et al., 2009; Fernández, 1995).

The database from CEO was also checked on biodiversity databases of SiB Colombia and the invertebrate collection of Instituto de Ciencias Naturales – Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá (Flórez et al., 2016; García, 2017; Jaramillo & Marín, 2017). Reports outside Colombia were also reviewed: Brazil (Hermes & Köhler, 2004; Andena & Carpenter, 2012; Somavilla & Oliveira, 2013; Aragão & Andena, 2016; Somavilla et al., 2016; Somavilla & Köhler, 2017;), Argentina (Colomo & Berta, 2005a, b; Masciocchi et al., 2010; Somavilla & Köhler, 2017), Uruguay (Somavilla & Köhler, 2017), Chile (Barrera-Medina, 2010; Barrera Medina & Vidal Muñoz, 2013), Venezuela (Bequaert, 1948; Stange, 1997; González et al., 2005; Manzanilla et al., 2000;), Ecuador (Donoso et al., 2009), Peru (García, 1978; Rasmussen & Asenjo, 2009; Santos et al., 2015), Paraguay (Garcete-Barrett, 1999), French Guiana (Corbara et al., 2009) and Guatemala (Carpenter et al., 2012).

All the specimens were recorded in the CEO database and the taxonomy was properly updated according to the most recent zoological nomenclature. Our results will be shortly available in the database SiB Colombia and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility – GBIF through our CEO site.

Results

Seventy-two Vespidae specimens were collected and identified, from the municipalities of Arauca, Arauquita, Cravo Norte, Saravena and Tame in the department of Arauca. One specimen was collected in Yopal, department of Casanare. The individuals are distributed in 2 subfamilies (Polistinae and Eumeninae), 11 genera (Apoica, Agelaia, Brachygastra, Mischocyttarus, Polistes, Polybia, Protopolybia, Stenodynerus, Synoeca, Zeta and Zethus) and 18 species. Below, a list of vespid wasp species at the CEO is shown. Table 1 details the previously known geographic distribution of each species in a regional and departmental scale based on available literature (Richards, 1978; Sarmiento, 1994; Fernández, 1995; Cubillos & Sarmiento, 1999; Colomo & Berta, 2005b; Flórez et al., 2016).

Discussion

Previous records by Fernández (1995) documented 33 vespid wasp species for the Orinoco region of Colombia. Later, Cubillos & Sarmiento (1998) reported 97 species and 16 genera of polistine wasps for the region. In our work, we report three new records of species in three genera (Stenodynerus, Zeta and Zethus), all of them from the Eumeninae subfamily. None of these three genera was previously reported for the Orinoco region, though there are species in the two last genera with expected distribution for the area. At the species level, 3 of the 18 species collected for the region are new records (Table 1).

Previous studies on vespid wasps for the department of Arauca reported ten species (Colomo & Berta, 2005a, b; Flórez et al., 2016). In this study, 14 of the 18 vespid wasp species records at the CEO are new, increasing from 10 to 24 the known species for the Arauca department. It must be kept in mind, however, that the studies of Sarmiento (1994), Fernández (1995) and Cubillos & Sarmiento (1998), the most important references showing records of Colombian Vespidae, were made at a broad scale (i. e. regional) and the departments we sampled here are not specifically mentioned. The differences in the geographical reporting make the comparisons at the departmental level difficult.

An important finding in this study is the collection of an individual of Stenodynerus cf. australis, a Nearctic species, making it a likely new record for Colombia, and for the Neotropical region. The confirmation of this new finding is hampered by the absence of a comprehensive revision of the genus Stenodynerus in the Neotropics (Garcete-Barrett, pers. comm.). Once a more recent and comprehensive study of the genus is available, the taxonomic characterization of the specimen should be revised.

Conclusions

The specimens collected show an important increase in the knowledge about the geographic distribution and the taxonomic composition of Vespidae in the Orinoco region, with four new species documented for the region. Particularly, for the Arauca department, we report 14 new species. The new records contribute to enrich the scarce knowledge about these wasps in isolated and poorly studied localities of Colombia. The registry of a specimen identified as Stenodynerus cf. australis is probably a new occurrence for the Neotropical region, although further corroboration is needed. More studies about taxonomy and behavior of vespid wasp fauna of the Orinoquía region are needed, considering the ecological and economic importance of this hymenopteran family.

Acknowledgements

We are very thankful with Alexandre Somavilla, (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia –INPA–, Brazil), Andreas Köhler, (Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul –UNISC–, Brazil) for the taxonomic advice. We also want to thank Fernando Fernández and Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento (Universidad Nacional de Colombia), and James Michael Carpenter (American Museum of Natural History –AMNH–, USA) for the support and orientations about the Colombian vespid wasps. The contribution of Bolívar Garcete-Barrett (Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay) and Marcel Gustavo Hermes (Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil) with the identification of potter wasps is also acknowledged. Fernando Barbosa Noll (Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” –UNESP–, Brazil) contributed by gently providing literature. Pilar Angulo Sandoval and Laura Schneider kindly reviewed and made important comments to improve this manuscript. This research was funded by Resolution No. 339/2017 of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, according to the Call 2017-0361 by the Dirección de Relaciones Exteriores of UNAL.

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Notes